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1 threat to shipping
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2 threat
nугроза, опасностьto avert the threat of war between... and... — предотвращать угрозу войны между...
to back up one's threats by smth — подкреплять свои угрозы чем-л.
to call off one's threat — временно отказываться от своей угрозы
to carry out one's threat — осуществлять свою угрозу
to contain a country's threat — сдерживать угрозу со стороны какого-л. государства
to counter the threat from smb — противостоять угрозе с чьей-л. стороны
to go ahead with one's threats — осуществлять свои угрозы
to pose a threat to one's neighbors — представлять угрозу для соседних государств
to proceed with one's threats — продолжать свои угрозы
to represent a threat for / to smb / to smth — представлять угрозу для кого-л. / чего-л.
to repudiate the threat or use of force — отвергать угрозу применения или применение силы
to stand up to smb's threats — не поддаваться на чьи-л. угрозы
to step up one's threats — усиливать свои угрозы
to suspend one's threat — временно отказываться от своей угрозы
to use / utter threats — угрожать
- chemical threatto yield to threats from smb — поддаваться на чьи-л. угрозы
- covert threat
- death threat against smb
- death threat
- decisive lessening of the nuclear threat
- diplomatic threat
- diplomatic threats fly to and for
- direct threat
- escalating spiral of threats
- fascist threat
- grave threat
- he received threats
- immediate threat
- in reply to threats
- inflationary threat
- latent threat
- major threat
- massive threat to the security of a country
- military threat from smb
- mortal threat
- mounting threat
- new flood threat to Sudan
- none-too-veiled threat
- nuclear and ecological threat
- nuclear threat
- ominous threat
- pervading threat
- potent threat
- radical threat
- serious threat
- strike threat
- suspension of one's threat
- tankers under threat from...
- thinly veiled threat
- threat dies down
- threat has not diminished
- threat of a trade war
- threat of aggressive wars
- threat of armed intervention
- threat of force
- threat of nuclear war is low and diminishing
- threat of nuclear war
- threat of universal destruction
- threat of using force
- threat of war
- threat recedes
- threat to international peace
- threat to kill a hostage
- threat to law and order
- threat to peace
- threat to public order
- threat to security
- threat to shipping
- under threat of closure
- under threat
- veiled threat
- verbal threats against smb -
3 agency
сущ.сокр. agcy1) общ. агентство, орган, учреждение, организация, бюро, служба, ведомствоATTRIBUTES:
Syn:See:administrative agency, distribution agency, enforcement agency, executive agency, federal agency, independent agency 1), international agency, quasi-official agency, private agency, public agency, regional agency, regulatory agency, specialized agency, support agency, welfare agency, Advanced Research Projects Agency, Agency for Cultural and Technical Cooperation, Agency for Francophony, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Agency for Instructional Television, Agency for International Development, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, Army Audit Agency, Canada Border Services Agency, Canada Customs and Revenue Agency, Canada Revenue Agency, Central Intelligence Agency, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Defense Commissary Agency, Defense Contract Audit Agency, Defense Contract Management Agency, Defense Information Systems Agency, Defense Intelligence Agency, Defense Legal Services Agency, Defense Logistics Agency, Defense Security Cooperation Agency, Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Environmental Protection Agency, European Research Coordination Agency, Farm Service Agency, Federal Emergency Management Agency, Foreign Investment Review Agency, International Atomic Energy Agency, International Development Cooperation Agency, International Energy Agency, Japan International Cooperation Agency, Korea Trade-Investment Promotion Agency, Minority Business Development Agency, Missile Defense Agency, Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency, Mutual Security Agency, National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, National Imagery and Mapping Agency, National Security Agency, Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation, Nuclear Energy Agency, Risk Management Agency, Trade and Development Agency, White House Communications Agency, White House Transportation Agency, public body, subagency 1)2) эк. агентство, посредническая организация, организация-посредник (специализирующаяся на предоставлении услуг другим компаниям, напр., рекламных, страховых, информационных и т. п.)recruitment agency — кадровое [рекрутинговое\] агентство
See:CHILD [object\]: advertising agency, canalizing agency, cargo agency, clearing agency, collection agency, credit repair agency, customs agency, export credit agency, financing agency, forwarding agency, insurance agency, mercantile agency, national numbering agency, port agency, rating agency, sales agency, selling agency, shipping agency, ships agency CHILD [scope\]: a la carte agency, full-service agency, limited-service agency, single-service agency, agency bill 1), agency commission, agency fee 1)3) общ. посредничество, содействие, поддержка, помощь; действие, деятельность ( в качестве посредника)COMBS:
by the agency of, through the agency of — посредством, при помощи, при содействии (чего-л. или кого-л.)
4) общ. фактор, средство (достижения какого-л. результата)In the 20th century science becomes an agency of destruction. — В 20 в. наука становится разрушительной силой.
5) агентские отношения, поручительство, представительствоа) юр., эк. (взаимоотношения между доверителем (принципалом) и агентом, представляющим интересы первого в различных операциях; в американском праве — юридическая форма предпринимательства)See:agency by estoppel, agency by necessity, agency by appointment, agency by ratification, exclusive agency, general agency, independent agency 2), sole agency, agency account, agency agreement, agency contract, agency fee 2), agency fund, contract of agency, principal 1. 3), agent 1. 1), agent's duties to principal, subagency 2)б) юр., эк., амер. (согласно официальному определению института поручительства в американском праве, имеющемуся во Втором обновленном изложении права: доверительное отношение, проистекающее из выражения согласия одной из сторон доверия другой стороне действовать на вере и под контролем первой стороны и согласия на это второй стороны)See:6) соц. свобода действия (способность людей действовать независимо от ограничений, накладываемых социальной структурой)7) соц. влияние (по Э. Гидденсу: действия людей, способные менять социальное устройство, синоним власти)See:8) мн., фин., амер. = agency security
* * *
agency (Agсy) 1) агентство, государственное учреждение или организация; 2) агент, представитель, посредник; компания или организация, специализирующаяся на предоставлении услуг другим компаниям (реклама, недвижимость, страхование, поиск сотрудников и др.);3) юридические отношения между принципалом и агентом, который представляет интересы первого в различных операциях; 4) агентские услуги: купля-продажа финансовых инструментов или товаров по поручению и за счет клиента; представление интересов принципала агентом; 5) ценные бумаги государственных агентств; = agencies.* * *агентство; агентские отношения; агентские услуги; отношения представительства; агентский договор; договор поручения; поручение; агентская деятельность. . Словарь экономических терминов .* * *1. предпринимательская деятельность, осуществляемая коммерческим агентом2. взаимоотношения между агентом и его патроном -
4 ASD
1) Компьютерная техника: Apple Service Diagnostic, Application Specific Discretes, Application Structure Description, Automatic Skip Driver3) Медицина: amniotic sac diameter, atrial septal defect, arterial sclerotic disease (атеросклеротическое поражение сосудов), acute stress disorder4) Американизм: (NII) Assistant Secretary of Defense (National Information Infrastructure)5) Военный термин: AWIS Software Development, Advanced Scenario Design, Advanced Systems Department, Air South Europe Directive, Air-worthiness Substantiation Document, Ammunition Storage Depot, Armament Supply Department, Armament Systems Division, Army shipping document, Army supply deport, Assigned Software Developer, Assigned Systems Developer, Assistant Secretary of Defense, Assistant Secretary of Defense, Administration, Assistant Secretary of Defense, Atomic Energy, Assistant Secretary of Defense, Civil ASTSECAF, Assistant Secretary of Air Force, Assistant Secretary of Defense, Civil Defense, Assistant Secretary of Defense, Command, Control, Communications and Intelligence, Assistant Secretary of Defense, Comptroller, Assistant Secretary of Defense, Health Affairs, Assistant Secretary of Defense, Health and Environment, Assistant Secretary of Defense, Installations and Logistics, Assistant Secretary of Defense, Intelligence, Assistant Secretary of Defense, Intelligence, Telecommunications, Command and Control, Assistant Secretary of Defense, International Security Affairs, Assistant Secretary of Defense, International Security Policy, Assistant Secretary of Defense, Legislative Affairs, Assistant Secretary of Defense, Management and Finance, Assistant Secretary of Defense, Manpower, Assistant Secretary of Defense, Properties and Installations, Assistant Secretary of Defense, Public Affairs, Assistant Secretary of Defense, Research and Advanced Technology, Assistant Secretary of Defense, Research and Development, Assistant Secretary of Defense, Research and Engineering, Assistant Secretary of Defense, Supply and Logistics, Assistant Secretary of Defense, Systems Analysis, Assistant Secretary of Defense, Telecommunications, Assistant secretary of Defense, Manpower and Reserve Affairs, Assistant secretary of Defense, Manpower, Personnel, and Reserves, Assistant secretary of Defense, Manpower, Reserve Affairs and Logistics, Automatic Shut Down, administrative survey detachment, advanced submarine detection, advanced supply depot, advanced surveillance drone, aerospace defense, air support director, air surveillance drone, aircraft statistical data, ammunition subdepot, ammunition supply depot, antisatellite defense, area support detachment, arm/safe device, artillery spotting division, assignment selection date, audio simulation device, aviation service date, aviation supply depot, ПМО, помощник министра обороны, (C4I) Assistant Secretary of Defense (Command, Control, Communications, Computers and Intelligence), (ISA) Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs, (S&R) Assistant Secretary of Defense for Strategy and Requirements, (SO/LIC) Assistant Secretary of Defense for Special Operations and Low Intensity Conflict, (HA) Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs, (MRA&L) Assistant Secretary of Defense for Manpower, Reserve Affairs, and Logistics, (NII) Assistant Secretary of Defense, Networks & Information Integration, (PA&E) Assistant Secretary of Defense for Program Analysis and Evaluation6) Техника: Ancient Steel Design, acceleration spectral density, adjustable speed drive, advanced sensor demonstration, air situation display, atmospheric steam dump, automatic synchronized discriminator, конструирование с учётом допускаемых напряжений (Allowable Stress Design)7) Шутливое выражение: Agonizingly Slow and Determined8) Метеорология: Another Sunny Day9) Автомобильный термин: automatic shutdown relay10) Ветеринария: Action for Singapore Dogs11) Телекоммуникации: Alternative Service Delivery12) Сокращение: Advanced System Development, Aeronautical Systems Division (Now known as Aeronautical Systems Center (USAF)), Air Space Devices, Alternative Service Delivery (Canadian Air Command), Assistant Secretary of Defense, Health Affairs (USA; HA), Average Sortie Duration, Assistant Secretary of Defense (USA; C; Comptroller), Assistant Secretary of Defense (USA; PA; Public Affairs), структурная база данных приложения (Application Structure Database (Microsoft)), Нарушения аутистичного спектра (Autistic Spectrum Disorder)13) Физика: Active Surface Definition14) Физиология: Advanced Senility Disease, Anterior Segment Dysgenesis, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Autism Spectrum Disorders, Autistic Spectrum Disorder15) Вычислительная техника: Architecture Summary Design16) Транспорт: Aircraft Situation Display, Azimuth Stern Drive17) Воздухоплавание: Aeronautical Systems Division18) Фирменный знак: Accelerator Systems Division, Advanced Strategy Division19) Деловая лексика: Authorized Solutions Developer20) Образование: After School Detention21) Сетевые технологии: automated software distribution, автоматизированное распространение программного обеспечения22) Программирование: application-specific discretes23) Автоматика: абсолютное снижение содержания серы (absolute sulphur reduction)24) Химическое оружие: Assistant Secretary of Defense (for International Security Policy), (C3I) Assistant Secretary of Defense for Command, Control, Communications, and Intelligence, (ES) Assistant Secretary of Defense for Economic Security, Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Technology, (PA&E) Assistant Secretary of Defense for Program Analysis and Evaluation, (S&TR) Assistant Secretary of Defense for Strategy and Threat Reduction25) Расширение файла: Astound Presentation file, Lotus 1-2-3 Screen Driver, Word for Windows AutoSave file, Application Structure Database (Microsoft), Automatic Skip Driver (Microsoft)26) Имена и фамилии: Albert S Davis28) NYSE. American Standard Companies, Inc., of Delaware29) Хобби: American Society Of Dowsers30) Базы данных: Action Semantic Description -
5 asd
1) Компьютерная техника: Apple Service Diagnostic, Application Specific Discretes, Application Structure Description, Automatic Skip Driver3) Медицина: amniotic sac diameter, atrial septal defect, arterial sclerotic disease (атеросклеротическое поражение сосудов), acute stress disorder4) Американизм: (NII) Assistant Secretary of Defense (National Information Infrastructure)5) Военный термин: AWIS Software Development, Advanced Scenario Design, Advanced Systems Department, Air South Europe Directive, Air-worthiness Substantiation Document, Ammunition Storage Depot, Armament Supply Department, Armament Systems Division, Army shipping document, Army supply deport, Assigned Software Developer, Assigned Systems Developer, Assistant Secretary of Defense, Assistant Secretary of Defense, Administration, Assistant Secretary of Defense, Atomic Energy, Assistant Secretary of Defense, Civil ASTSECAF, Assistant Secretary of Air Force, Assistant Secretary of Defense, Civil Defense, Assistant Secretary of Defense, Command, Control, Communications and Intelligence, Assistant Secretary of Defense, Comptroller, Assistant Secretary of Defense, Health Affairs, Assistant Secretary of Defense, Health and Environment, Assistant Secretary of Defense, Installations and Logistics, Assistant Secretary of Defense, Intelligence, Assistant Secretary of Defense, Intelligence, Telecommunications, Command and Control, Assistant Secretary of Defense, International Security Affairs, Assistant Secretary of Defense, International Security Policy, Assistant Secretary of Defense, Legislative Affairs, Assistant Secretary of Defense, Management and Finance, Assistant Secretary of Defense, Manpower, Assistant Secretary of Defense, Properties and Installations, Assistant Secretary of Defense, Public Affairs, Assistant Secretary of Defense, Research and Advanced Technology, Assistant Secretary of Defense, Research and Development, Assistant Secretary of Defense, Research and Engineering, Assistant Secretary of Defense, Supply and Logistics, Assistant Secretary of Defense, Systems Analysis, Assistant Secretary of Defense, Telecommunications, Assistant secretary of Defense, Manpower and Reserve Affairs, Assistant secretary of Defense, Manpower, Personnel, and Reserves, Assistant secretary of Defense, Manpower, Reserve Affairs and Logistics, Automatic Shut Down, administrative survey detachment, advanced submarine detection, advanced supply depot, advanced surveillance drone, aerospace defense, air support director, air surveillance drone, aircraft statistical data, ammunition subdepot, ammunition supply depot, antisatellite defense, area support detachment, arm/safe device, artillery spotting division, assignment selection date, audio simulation device, aviation service date, aviation supply depot, ПМО, помощник министра обороны, (C4I) Assistant Secretary of Defense (Command, Control, Communications, Computers and Intelligence), (ISA) Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs, (S&R) Assistant Secretary of Defense for Strategy and Requirements, (SO/LIC) Assistant Secretary of Defense for Special Operations and Low Intensity Conflict, (HA) Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs, (MRA&L) Assistant Secretary of Defense for Manpower, Reserve Affairs, and Logistics, (NII) Assistant Secretary of Defense, Networks & Information Integration, (PA&E) Assistant Secretary of Defense for Program Analysis and Evaluation6) Техника: Ancient Steel Design, acceleration spectral density, adjustable speed drive, advanced sensor demonstration, air situation display, atmospheric steam dump, automatic synchronized discriminator, конструирование с учётом допускаемых напряжений (Allowable Stress Design)7) Шутливое выражение: Agonizingly Slow and Determined8) Метеорология: Another Sunny Day9) Автомобильный термин: automatic shutdown relay10) Ветеринария: Action for Singapore Dogs11) Телекоммуникации: Alternative Service Delivery12) Сокращение: Advanced System Development, Aeronautical Systems Division (Now known as Aeronautical Systems Center (USAF)), Air Space Devices, Alternative Service Delivery (Canadian Air Command), Assistant Secretary of Defense, Health Affairs (USA; HA), Average Sortie Duration, Assistant Secretary of Defense (USA; C; Comptroller), Assistant Secretary of Defense (USA; PA; Public Affairs), структурная база данных приложения (Application Structure Database (Microsoft)), Нарушения аутистичного спектра (Autistic Spectrum Disorder)13) Физика: Active Surface Definition14) Физиология: Advanced Senility Disease, Anterior Segment Dysgenesis, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Autism Spectrum Disorders, Autistic Spectrum Disorder15) Вычислительная техника: Architecture Summary Design16) Транспорт: Aircraft Situation Display, Azimuth Stern Drive17) Воздухоплавание: Aeronautical Systems Division18) Фирменный знак: Accelerator Systems Division, Advanced Strategy Division19) Деловая лексика: Authorized Solutions Developer20) Образование: After School Detention21) Сетевые технологии: automated software distribution, автоматизированное распространение программного обеспечения22) Программирование: application-specific discretes23) Автоматика: абсолютное снижение содержания серы (absolute sulphur reduction)24) Химическое оружие: Assistant Secretary of Defense (for International Security Policy), (C3I) Assistant Secretary of Defense for Command, Control, Communications, and Intelligence, (ES) Assistant Secretary of Defense for Economic Security, Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Technology, (PA&E) Assistant Secretary of Defense for Program Analysis and Evaluation, (S&TR) Assistant Secretary of Defense for Strategy and Threat Reduction25) Расширение файла: Astound Presentation file, Lotus 1-2-3 Screen Driver, Word for Windows AutoSave file, Application Structure Database (Microsoft), Automatic Skip Driver (Microsoft)26) Имена и фамилии: Albert S Davis28) NYSE. American Standard Companies, Inc., of Delaware29) Хобби: American Society Of Dowsers30) Базы данных: Action Semantic Description -
6 organization
организация; часть; соединение; учреждение; оборудование ( местности) -
7 system
система; комплекс; средство; способ; метод; сеть (напр. дорог) ;aiming-navigation system (analog, digital) — прицельно-навигационная система (аналоговая, цифровая)
air observation, acquisition and fire control system — (бортовая) система воздушной разведки, засечки целей и управления огнем
air support aircraft ECM (equipment) system — (бортовая) система РЭП для самолетов авиационной поддержки
airborne (ground) target acquisition and illumination laser system — ав. бортовая лазерная система обнаружения и подсветки (наземных) целей
airborne (ground) targeting and laser designator system — ав. бортовая лазерная система обнаружения и целеуказания (наземных целей)
airborne laser illumination, ranging and tracking system — ав. бортовая система лазерной подсветки, определения дальности и сопровождения цели
artillery (nuclear) delivery system — артиллерийская система доставки (ядерного) боеприпаса (к цели)
C2 system — система оперативного управления; система руководства и управления
C3 system — система руководства, управления и связи; система оперативного управления и связи
channel and message switching (automatic) communications system — АСС с коммутацией каналов и сообщений
country-fair type rotation system (of instruction) — метод одновременного обучения [опроса] нескольких учебных групп (переходящих от одного объекта изучения к другому)
dual-capable (conventional/nuclear) weapon delivery system — система доставки (обычного или ядерного) боеприпаса к цели
electromagnetic emitters identification, location and suppression system — система обнаружения, опознавания и подавления источников электромагнитных излучений [излучающих РЭС]
field antimissile (missile) system — полевой [войсковой] ПРК
fire-on-the-move (air defense) gun system — подвижный зенитный артиллерийский комплекс для стрельбы в движении [на ходу]
fluidic (missile) control system — ркт. гидравлическая [струйная] система управления полетом
forward (area) air defense system — система ПВО передового района; ЗРК для войсковой ПВО передового района
graduated (availability) operational readiness system — Бр. система поэтапной боевой готовности (частей и соединений)
high-resolution satellite IR detection, tracking and targeting system — спутниковая система с ИК аппаратурой высокой разрешающей способности для обнаружения, сопровождения целей и наведения средств поражения
ICBM (alarm and) early warning satellite system — спутниковая система обнаружения пусков МБР и раннего предупреждения (средств ПРО)
information storage, tracking and retrieval system — система накопления, хранения и поиска информации
instantaneous grenade launcher (armored vehicle) smoke system — гранатомет (БМ) для быстрой постановки дымовой завесы
Precision Location [Locator] (and) Strike system — высокоточная система обеспечения обнаружения и поражения целей; высокоточный разведывательно-ударный комплекс
rapid deceleration (parachute) delivery system — парашютная система выброски грузов с быстрым торможением
real time, high-resolution reconnaissance satellite system — спутниковая разведывательная система с высокой разрешающей способностью аппаратуры и передачей информации в реальном масштабе времени
received signal-oriented (output) jamming signal power-adjusting ECM system — система РЭП с автоматическим регулированием уровня помех в зависимости от мощности принимаемого сигнала
sea-based nuclear (weapon) delivery system — система морского базирования доставки ядерного боеприпаса к цели
small surface-to-air ship self-defense (missile) system — ЗРК ближнего действия для самообороны корабля
Status Control, Alerting and Reporting system — система оповещения, контроля и уточнения состояния [боевой готовности] сил и средств
surface missile (weapon) system — наземный [корабельный] РК
target acquisition, rapid designation and precise aiming system — комплекс аппаратуры обнаружения цели, быстрого целеуказания и точного прицеливания
— ABM defense system— antimissile missile system— central weapon system— countersurprise military system— laser surveying system— tank weapon system— vertical launching system— weapons system -
8 Chronology
15,000-3,000 BCE Paleolithic cultures in western Portugal.400-200 BCE Greek and Carthaginian trade settlements on coast.202 BCE Roman armies invade ancient Lusitania.137 BCE Intensive Romanization of Lusitania begins.410 CE Germanic tribes — Suevi and Visigoths—begin conquest of Roman Lusitania and Galicia.714—16 Muslims begin conquest of Visigothic Lusitania.1034 Christian Reconquest frontier reaches Mondego River.1064 Christians conquer Coimbra.1139 Burgundian Count Afonso Henriques proclaims himself king of Portugal; birth of Portugal. Battle of Ourique: Afonso Henriques defeats Muslims.1147 With English Crusaders' help, Portuguese seize Lisbon from Muslims.1179 Papacy formally recognizes Portugal's independence (Pope Alexander III).1226 Campaign to reclaim Alentejo from Muslims begins.1249 Last Muslim city (Silves) falls to Portuguese Army.1381 Beginning of third war between Castile and Portugal.1383 Master of Aviz, João, proclaimed regent by Lisbon populace.1385 April: Master of Aviz, João I, proclaimed king of Portugal by Cortes of Coimbra. 14 August: Battle of Aljubarrota, Castilians defeated by royal forces, with assistance of English army.1394 Birth of "Prince Henry the Navigator," son of King João I.1415 Beginning of overseas expansion as Portugal captures Moroccan city of Ceuta.1419 Discovery of Madeira Islands.1425-28 Prince D. Pedro, older brother of Prince Henry, travels in Europe.1427 Discovery (or rediscovery?) of Azores Islands.1434 Prince Henry the Navigator's ships pass beyond Cape Bojador, West Africa.1437 Disaster at Tangier, Morocco, as Portuguese fail to capture city.1441 First African slaves from western Africa reach Portugal.1460 Death of Prince Henry. Portuguese reach what is now Senegal, West Africa.1470s Portuguese explore West African coast and reach what is now Ghana and Nigeria and begin colonizing islands of São Tomé and Príncipe.1479 Treaty of Alcáçovas between kings of Portugal and Spain.1482 Portuguese establish post at São Jorge da Mina, Gold Coast (now Ghana).1482-83 Portuguese navigator Diogo Cão reaches mouth of Congo River and Angola.1488 Navigator Bartolomeu Dias rounds Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, and finds route to Indian Ocean.1492-93 Columbus's first voyage to West Indies.1493 Columbus visits Azores and Portugal on return from first voyage; tells of discovery of New World. Treaty of Tordesillas signed between kings of Portugal and Spain: delimits spheres of conquest with line 370 leagues west of Cape Verde Islands (claimed by Portugal); Portugal's sphere to east of line includes, in effect, Brazil.King Manuel I and Royal Council decide to continue seeking all-water route around Africa to Asia.King Manuel I expels unconverted Jews from Portugal.1497-99 Epic voyage of Vasco da Gama from Portugal around Africa to west India, successful completion of sea route to Asia project; da Gama returns to Portugal with samples of Asian spices.1500 Bound for India, Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral "discovers" coast of Brazil and claims it for Portugal.1506 Anti-Jewish riots in Lisbon.Battle of Diu, India; Portugal's command of Indian Ocean assured for some time with Francisco de Almeida's naval victory over Egyptian and Gujerati fleets.Afonso de Albuquerque conquers Goa, India; beginning of Portuguese hegemony in south Asia.Portuguese conquest of Malacca; commerce in Spice Islands.1519 Magellan begins circumnavigation voyage.1536 Inquisition begins in Portugal.1543 Portuguese merchants reach Japan.1557 Portuguese merchants granted Chinese territory of Macau for trading factory.1572 Luís de Camões publishes epic poem, Os Lusíadas.1578 Battle of Alcácer-Quivir; Moroccan forces defeat army of King Sebastião of Portugal; King Sebastião dies in battle. Portuguese succession crisis.1580 King Phillip II of Spain claims and conquers Portugal; Spanish rule of Portugal, 1580-1640.1607-24 Dutch conquer sections of Asia and Brazil formerly held by Portugal.1640 1 December: Portuguese revolution in Lisbon overthrows Spanish rule, restores independence. Beginning of Portugal's Braganza royal dynasty.1654 Following Dutch invasions and conquest of parts of Brazil and Angola, Dutch expelled by force.1661 Anglo-Portuguese Alliance treaty signed: England pledges to defend Portugal "as if it were England itself." Queen Catherine of Bra-ganza marries England's Charles II.1668 February: In Portuguese-Spanish peace treaty, Spain recognizes independence of Portugal, thus ending 28-year War of Restoration.1703 Methuen Treaties signed, key commercial trade agreement and defense treaty between England and Portugal.1750 Pombal becomes chief minister of King José I.1755 1 November: Massive Lisbon earthquake, tidal wave, and fire.1759 Expulsion of Jesuits from Portugal and colonies.1761 Slavery abolished in continental Portugal.1769 Abandonment of Mazagão, Morocco, last Portuguese outpost.1777 Pombal dismissed as chief minister by Queen Maria I, after death of José I.1791 Portugal and United States establish full diplomatic relations.1807 November: First Napoleonic invasion; French forces under Junot conquer Portugal. Royal family flees to colony of Brazil and remains there until 1821.1809 Second French invasion of Portugal under General Soult.1811 Third French invasion of Portugal under General Masséna.1813 Following British general Wellington's military victories, French forces evacuate Portugal.1817 Liberal, constitutional movements against absolutist monarchist rule break out in Brazil (Pernambuco) and Portugal (Lisbon, under General Gomes Freire); crushed by government. British marshal of Portugal's army, Beresford, rules Portugal.Liberal insurrection in army officer corps breaks out in Cadiz, Spain, and influences similar movement in Portugal's armed forces first in Oporto.King João VI returns from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and early draft of constitution; era of constitutional monarchy begins.1822 7 September: João VI's son Pedro proclaims independence ofBrazil from Portugal and is named emperor. 23 September: Constitution of 1822 ratified.Portugal recognizes sovereign independence of Brazil.King João VI dies; power struggle for throne ensues between his sons, brothers Pedro and Miguel; Pedro, emperor of Brazil, abdicates Portuguese throne in favor of his daughter, D. Maria II, too young to assume crown. By agreement, Miguel, uncle of D. Maria, is to accept constitution and rule in her stead.1828 Miguel takes throne and abolishes constitution. Sections of Portugal rebel against Miguelite rule.1831 Emperor Pedro abdicates throne of Brazil and returns to Portugal to expel King Miguel from Portuguese throne.1832-34 Civil war between absolutist King Miguel and constitutionalist Pedro, who abandons throne of Brazil to restore his young daughter Maria to throne of Portugal; Miguel's armed forces defeated by those of Pedro. Miguel leaves for exile and constitution (1826 Charter) is restored.1834-53 Constitutional monarchy consolidated under rule of Queen Maria II, who dies in 1853.1851-71 Regeneration period of economic development and political stability; public works projects sponsored by Minister Fontes Pereira de Melo.1871-90 Rotativism period of alternating party governments; achieves political stability and less military intervention in politics and government. Expansion of colonial territory in tropical Africa.January: Following territorial dispute in central Africa, Britain delivers "Ultimatum" to Portugal demanding withdrawal of Portugal's forces from what is now Malawi and Zimbabwe. Portugal's government, humiliated in accepting demand under threat of a diplomatic break, falls. Beginning of governmental and political instability; monarchist decline and republicanism's rise.Anglo-Portuguese treaties signed relating to delimitation of frontiers in colonial Africa.1899 Treaty of Windsor; renewal of Anglo-Portuguese defense and friendship alliance.1903 Triumphal visit of King Edward VII to Portugal.1906 Politician João Franco supported by King Carlos I in dictatorship to restore order and reform.1908 1 February: Murder in Lisbon of King Carlos I and his heir apparent, Prince Dom Luís, by Portuguese anarchists. Eighteen-year-old King Manuel II assumes throne.1910 3-5 October: Following republican-led military insurrection in armed forces, monarchy falls and first Portuguese republic is proclaimed. Beginning of unstable, economically troubled, parliamentary republic form of government.May: Violent insurrection in Lisbon overturns government of General Pimenta de Castro; nearly a thousand casualties from several days of armed combat in capital.March: Following Portugal's honoring ally Britain's request to confiscate German shipping in Portuguese harbors, Germany declares war on Portugal; Portugal enters World War I on Allied side.Portugal organizes and dispatches Portuguese Expeditionary Corps to fight on the Western Front. 9 April: Portuguese forces mauled by German offensive in Battle of Lys. Food rationing and riots in Lisbon. Portuguese military operations in Mozambique against German expedition's invasion from German East Africa. 5 December: Authoritarian, presidentialist government under Major Sidónio Pais takes power in Lisbon, following a successful military coup.1918 11 November: Armistice brings cessation of hostilities on Western Front in World War I. Portuguese expeditionary forces stationed in Angola, Mozambique, and Flanders begin return trip to Portugal. 14 December: President Sidónio Pais assassinated. Chaotic period of ephemeral civil war ensues.1919-21 Excessively unstable political period, including January1919 abortive effort of Portuguese monarchists to restore Braganza dynasty to power. Republican forces prevail, but level of public violence, economic distress, and deprivation remains high.1921 October: Political violence attains peak with murder of former prime minister and other prominent political figures in Lisbon. Sectors of armed forces and Guarda Nacional Republicana are mutinous. Year of financial and corruption scandals, including Portuguese bank note (fraud) case; military court acquits guilty military insurrectionists, and one military judge declares "the country is sick."28 May: Republic overthrown by military coup or pronunciamento and conspiracy among officer corps. Parliament's doors locked and parliament closed for nearly nine years to January 1935. End of parliamentary republic, Western Europe's most unstable political system in this century, beginning of the Portuguese dictatorship, after 1930 known as the Estado Novo. Officer corps assumes reins of government, initiates military censorship of the press, and suppresses opposition.February: Military dictatorship under General Óscar Carmona crushes failed republican armed insurrection in Oporto and Lisbon.April: Military dictatorship names Professor Antônio de Oliveira Salazar minister of finance, with dictatorial powers over budget, to stabilize finances and rebuild economy. Insurrectionism among military elements continues into 1931.1930 Dr. Salazar named minister for colonies and announces balanced budgets. Salazar consolidates support by various means, including creation of official regime "movement," the National Union. Salazar engineers Colonial Act to ensure Lisbon's control of bankrupt African colonies by means of new fiscal controls and centralization of authority. July: Military dictatorship names Salazar prime minister for first time, and cabinet composition undergoes civilianization; academic colleagues and protégés plan conservative reform and rejuvenation of society, polity, and economy. Regime comes to be called the Estado Novo (New State). New State's constitution ratified by new parliament, the National Assembly; Portugal described in document as "unitary, corporative Republic" and governance influenced by Salazar's stern personality and doctrines such as integralism, Catholicism, and fiscal conservatism.1936 Violent instability and ensuing civil war in neighboring Spain, soon internationalized by fascist and communist intervention, shake Estado Novo regime. Pseudofascist period of regime features creation of imitation Fascist institutions to defend regime from leftist threats; Portugal institutes "Portuguese Youth" and "Portuguese Legion."1939 3 September: Prime Minister Salazar declares Portugal's neutrality in World War II. October: Anglo-Portuguese agreement grants naval and air base facilities to Britain and later to United States for Battle of the Atlantic and Normandy invasion support. Third Reich protests breach of Portugal's neutrality.6 June: On day of Allies' Normandy invasion, Portugal suspends mining and export of wolfram ore to both sides in war.8 May: Popular celebrations of Allied victory and Fascist defeat in Lisbon and Oporto coincide with Victory in Europe Day. Following managed elections for Estado Novo's National Assembly in November, regime police, renamed PIDE, with increased powers, represses opposition.1947 Abortive military coup in central Portugal easily crushed by regime. Independence of India and initiation of Indian protests against Portuguese colonial rule in Goa and other enclaves.1949 Portugal becomes founding member of NATO.1951 Portugal alters constitution and renames overseas colonies "Overseas Provinces." Portugal and United States sign military base agreements for use of air and naval facilities in Azores Islands and military aid to Lisbon. President Carmona dies in office, succeeded by General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58). July: Indians occupy enclave of Portuguese India (dependency of Damão) by means of passive resistance movement. August: Indian passive resistance movement in Portuguese India repelled by Portuguese forces with loss of life. December: With U.S. backing, Portugal admitted as member of United Nations (along with Spain). Air force general Humberto Delgado, in opposition, challenges Estado Novo's hand-picked successor to Craveiro Lopes, Admiral Américo Tomás. Delgado rallies coalition of democratic, liberal, and communist opposition but loses rigged election and later flees to exile in Brazil. Portugal joins European Free Trade Association (EFTA).January and February: Estado Novo rocked by armed African insurrection in northern Angola, crushed by armed forces. Hijacking of Portuguese ocean liner by ally of Delgado, Captain Henrique Galvão. April: Salazar defeats attempted military coup and reshuffles cabinet with group of younger figures who seek to reform colonial rule and strengthen the regime's image abroad. 18 December: Indian army rapidly defeats Portugal's defense force in Goa, Damão, and Diu and incorporates Portugal's Indian possessions into Indian Union. January: Abortive military coup in Beja, Portugal.1965 February: General Delgado and his Brazilian secretary murdered and secretly buried near Spanish frontier by political police, PIDE.1968 August and September: Prime Minister Salazar, aged 79, suffers crippling stoke. President Tomás names former cabinet officer Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor. Caetano institutes modest reforms in Portugal and overseas.1971 Caetano government ratifies amended constitution that allows slight devolution and autonomy to overseas provinces in Africa and Asia. Right-wing loyalists oppose reforms in Portugal. 25 April: Military coup engineered by Armed Forces Movement overthrows Estado Novo and establishes provisional government emphasizing democratization, development, and decolonization. Limited resistance by loyalists. President Tomás and Premier Caetano flown to exile first in Madeira and then in Brazil. General Spínola appointed president. September: Revolution moves to left, as President Spínola, thwarted in his program, resigns.March: Military coup by conservative forces fails, and leftist response includes nationalization of major portion of economy. Polarization between forces and parties of left and right. 25 November: Military coup by moderate military elements thwarts leftist forces. Constituent Assembly prepares constitution. Revolution moves from left to center and then right.March: Constitution ratified by Assembly of the Republic. 25 April: Second general legislative election gives largest share of seats to Socialist Party (PS). Former oppositionist lawyer, Mário Soares, elected deputy and named prime minister.1977-85 Political pendulum of democratic Portugal moves from center-left to center-right, as Social Democratic Party (PSD) increases hold on assembly and take office under Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. July1985 elections give edge to PSD who advocate strong free-enterprise measures and revision of leftist-generated 1976 Constitution, amended modestly in 1982.1986 January: Portugal joins European Economic Community (EEC).1987 July: General, legislative elections for assembly give more than 50 percent to PSD led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. For first time, since 1974, Portugal has a working majority government.1989 June: Following revisions of 1976 Constitution, reprivatization of economy begins, under PS government.January: Presidential elections, Mário Soares reelected for second term. July: General, legislative elections for assembly result in new PSD victory and majority government.January-July: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Economic Community (EEC). December: Tariff barriers fall as fully integrated Common Market established in the EEC.November: Treaty of Maastricht comes into force. The EEC officially becomes the European Union (EU). Portugal is signatory with 11 other member-nations.October: General, legislative elections for assembly result in PS victory and naming of Prime Minister Guterres. PS replace PSD as leading political party. November: Excavations for Lisbon bank uncover ancient Phoenician, Roman, and Christian ruins.January: General, presidential elections; socialist Jorge Sampaio defeats PSD's Cavaco Silva and assumes presidency from Dr. Mário Soares. July: Community of Portuguese Languages Countries (CPLP) cofounded by Portugal and Brazil.May-September: Expo '98 held in Lisbon. Opening of Vasco da Gama Bridge across Tagus River, Europe's longest (17 kilometers/ 11 miles). June: National referendum on abortion law change defeated after low voter turnout. November: National referendum on regionaliza-tion and devolution of power defeated after another low voter turnout.October: General, legislative elections: PS victory over PSD lacks clear majority in parliament. Following East Timor referendum, which votes for independence and withdrawal of Indonesia, outburst of popular outrage in streets, media, and communications of Portugal approves armed intervention and administration of United Nations (and withdrawal of Indonesia) in East Timor. Portugal and Indonesia restore diplomatic relations. December: A Special Territory since 1975, Colony of Macau transferred to sovereignty of People's Republic of China.January-June: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the EU; end of Discoveries Historical Commemoration Cycle (1988-2000).United Nations forces continue to occupy and administer former colony of East Timor, with Portugal's approval.January: General, presidential elections; PS president Sampaio reelected for second term. City of Oporto, "European City of Culture" for the year, hosts arts festival. December: Municipal elections: PSD defeats PS; socialist prime minister Guterres resigns; President Sampaio calls March parliamentary elections.1 January: Portugal enters single European Currency system. Euro currency adopted and ceases use of former national currency, the escudo. March: Parliamentary elections; PSD defeats PS and José Durão Barroso becomes prime minister. Military modernization law passed. Portugal holds chairmanship of Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).May: Municipal law passed permitting municipalities to reorganize in new ways.June: Prime Minister Durão Barroso, invited to succeed Romano Prodi as president of EU Commission, resigns. Pedro Santana Lopes becomes prime minister. European Parliament elections held. Conscription for national service in army and navy ended. Mass grave uncovered at Academy of Sciences Museum, Lisbon, revealing remains of several thousand victims of Lisbon earthquake, 1755.February: Parliamentary elections; PS defeats PSD, socialists win first absolute majority in parliament since 1975. José Sócrates becomes prime minister.January: Presidential elections; PSD candidate Aníbal Cavaco Silva elected and assumes presidency from Jorge Sampaio. Portugal's national soccer team ranked 7th out of 205 countries by international soccer association. European Union's Bologna Process in educational reform initiated in Portugal.July-December: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Union. For reasons of economy, Portugal announces closure of many consulates, especially in France and the eastern US. Government begins official inspections of private institutions of higher education, following scandals.2008 January: Prime Minister Sócrates announces location of new Lisbon area airport as Alcochete, on south bank of Tagus River, site of air force shooting range. February: Portuguese Army begins to receive new modern battle tanks (Leopard 2 A6). March: Mass protest of 85,000 public school (primary and secondary levels) teachers in Lisbon schools dispute recent educational policies of minister of education and prime minister. -
9 Deane, Sir Anthony
SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping[br]b. 1638 Harwich (?), Englandd. 1721 England[br]English master shipwright, one of the most influential of seventeenth-century England.[br]It is believed that Deane was born in Harwich, the son of a master mariner. When 22 years of age, having been trained by Christopher Pett, he was appointed Assistant Master Shipwright at Woolwich Naval Dockyard, indicating an ability as a shipbuilder and also that he had influence behind him. Despite abruptness and a tendency to annoy his seniors, he was acknowledged by no less a man than Pepys (1633–1703) for his skill as a ship designer and -builder, and he was one of the few who could accurately estimate displacements and drafts of ships under construction. While only 26 years old, he was promoted to Master Shipwright of the Naval Base at Harwich and commenced a notable career. When the yard was closed four years later (on the cessation of the threat from the Dutch), Deane was transferred to the key position of Master Shipwright at Portsmouth and given the opportunity to construct large men-of-war. In 1671 he built his first three-decker and was experimenting with underwater hull sheathing and other matters. In 1672 he became a member of the Navy Board, and from then on promotion was spectacular, with almost full responsibility given him for decisions on ship procurement for the Navy. Owing to political changes he was out of office for some years and endured a short period in prison, but on his release he continued to work as a private shipbuilder. He returned to the King's service for a few years before the "Glorious Revolution" of 1688; thereafter little is known of his life, beyond that he died in 1721.Deane's monument to posterity is his Doctrine of Naval Architecture, published in 1670. It is one of the few books on ship design of the period and gives a clear insight into the rather pedantic procedures used in those less than scientific times. Deane became Mayor of Harwich and subsequently Member of Parliament. It is believed that he was Peter the Great's tutor on shipbuilding during his visit to the Thames in 1698.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1673.Bibliography1670, Doctrine of Naval Architecture; repub. 1981, with additional commentaries by Brian Lavery, as Deane's Doctrine of Naval Architecture 1670, London: Conway Maritime.Further ReadingWestcott Abell, 1948, The Shipwright's Trade, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.FMW
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